The Truth of Tibetan Buddhism

简体 | 正體 | EN | GE | FR | SP | BG | RUS | JP | VN                 The Truth of Tibetan Buddhism Home | GUEST BOOK | LOGIN | LOGOUT

Sexual scandals of Lamas and Rinpoches

über die Dalai Lamas

Before Buddhism was brought to Tibet, the Tibetans had their believes in "Bon". "Bon" is a kind of folk beliefs which gives offerings to ghosts and gods and receives their blessing. It belongs to local folk beliefs.

In the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the Tibetan King Songtsän Gampo brought “Buddhism” to the Tibetan people which became the state religion. The so-called “Buddhism” is Tantric Buddhism which spreads out during the final period of Indian Buddhism. The Tantric Buddhism is also named "left hand tantra" because of its tantric sexual practices. In order to suit Tibetan manners and customs, the tantric Buddhism was mixed with "Bon". Due to its beliefs of ghosts and sexual practices, it became more excessive.

The tantric Master Atiśa spread out the tantric sex teachings in private. Padmasambhava taught it in public, so that the Tibetan Buddhism stands not only apart from Buddhist teachings, but also from Buddhist form. Thus, the Tibetan Buddhism does not belong to Buddhism, and has to be renamed "Lamaism".

   
                  True Heart News: Reply to the Untrue Statements Made by Dawa Tsering of “Tibet Religious Foundation of H.H. the Dalai Lama” during an Interview by Radio Free Asia (Reproduced)

True Heart News: Reply to the Untrue Statements Made by Dawa Tsering of “Tibet Religious Foundation of H.H. the Dalai Lama” during an Interview by Radio Free Asia (Reproduced)

 

© True Heart News, 2012/03/12

(By the True Heart News interviewing team in Taipei) The True Enlightenment Education Foundation has long been campaigning for uncovering the obscene evil nature of Tibetan “Buddhism.” Recently, the action has gained massive public support. Regarding this issue, Radio Free Asia, established and supported partly by the U.S. government, had conducted an interview with Zhang Gongpu, the Chairman (was then the CEO) of the True Enlightenment Education Foundation together with Teacher Yu Zhengwei. Dawa Tsering, Director of Tibet Religious Foundation of H.H. the Dalai Lama, was also invited to reply to the questions raised by the True Enlightenment Education Foundation. Due to the limited scope of the report, Chairman Zhang has explicitly replied to the non-factual statements by Mr. Dawa Tsering during the interview as follows:


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT79mXGhPpE&feature=player_embedded

Firstly, Mr. Dawa Tsering questioned whether the Foundation has the qualification to comment on Tibetan “Buddhism”; he considered that those who do not understand the Tibetan language and have never practiced Tibetan Tantra are not qualified to comment on Tibetan “Buddhism.” However, in fact, there are some members in the Foundation, who not only understand the Tibetan language but have also practiced Tibetan Tantra before. All of them gave up Tibetan “Buddhism” after they have uncovered its devious obscene nature.

Leaving aside the above point, let’s start with the question: is it possible to know Tibetan “Buddhism” without understanding the Tibetan language? For propagating purpose, Tibetan Tantric Buddhism has continually translated lots of tantric books in Taiwan. These books were written by dharma-kings and rinpoches of Tibetan “Buddhism,” and translated by their most trusted Taiwanese disciples. Is Mr. Dawa Tsering implying that all these translated texts are incorrect?

If these texts were incorrect, then Mr. Dawa Tsering should have urged all sects of Tibetan “Buddhism” to recall all the books they have published in Taiwan to show their responsibility for this issue. It is a grave negative karma to allow those misleading books to circulate in Taiwan, which could terminate readers’ wisdom-life of the dharmakaya. Since Mr. Dawa Tsering considers himself a Buddhist, he should be clearly aware of the serious consequences according to the law of causality.

Conversely, if both the Chinese and English versions were properly translated, then the faults should lie with the original authors, including the Dalai Lama. Moreover, since ancient times in China, there have been lots of publications about the esoteric transmission of Tibetan “Buddhism.” Numerous authors have openly published many books on tantras, about which there is hardly any secrecy.

However, Mr. Dawa Tsering ignores the facts and misdirects the issue to that “one cannot criticize Tibetan ‘Buddhism’ without understanding the Tibetan language.” Isn’t it plain clear that the more he tries to cover up, the better-known it will become?

Furthermore, Mr. Dawa Tsering said, “Tibetan ‘Buddhism’is also called Esoteric School because of its secret meaning, which can only be explained to you by the gurus. ” Therefore, he considers that one needs to be highly advanced in Tantric practice to be able to comment on it. Nevertheless, during the interview, we quoted the following from the 14th Dalai Lama’s book A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism: “In addition, tantra speaks of the point in the completion stage when the practitioner is advised to seek a consort, as an impetus for further realization of the path. In such cases of union, if the realization of one of the partners is more advanced, he or she is able to bring about the release, or actualization of the resultant state.”

The “secret meaning” mentioned by Mr. Dawa Tering earlier is no more than the Dual Operations of Bliss and Emptiness. Lamas are only utilizing female sex organs to gain the greatest tactile bliss of the forth-joy. They have mistaken the perceiving mind in the state of enjoying the tactile bliss, which is empty and formless, for the “emptiness-nature” of orthodox Buddhism, thus claiming that they have achieved Buddhahood. As stated above, there is actually no secret in Tibetan “Buddhism.” However, pretending to be mysterious, Mr. Dawa Tsering still tried to confuse people by claiming that there is the “secret meaning” transmitted only by the gurus. In the Dalai Lama’s book where the couple-copulation practice of a male and a female is described in such a plain and straightforward way that no one would misinterpret his words.

Moreover, such a devious couple-copulation practice violates not only the Buddha’s teachings but also social morals and the law. Why should it be that one must actually experience the copulation practice to know it is wrong? It is not necessary to take poison and die of it to know it is not edible.

Moreover, Mr. Dawa Tsering explained: “So, even though some monks know the meanings of the doctrine, they cannot openly talk about it. This is how they keep their precepts…Tibetan ‘Buddhism’ is also called Esoteric School because of its secret meaning, which can only be explained to you by the gurus. ” This is because the core tenet of Tibetan “Buddhism” is based on the Couple-Practice Tantra. Not only does it obviously violate the Buddha’s teaching, but it is also against social moral and even the law; its doctrine fully conforms to the nature of a cult. No wonder their adherents must be restrained by using its own Samaya Precepts that say they will fall into the Vajra hell if they divulge the inner secrets. Tibetan Buddhists try to conceal the Couple-Practice Tantra by passing it down through oral transmission rather than written texts. Mr. Dawa Tsering further added: “Some points and regulations in Tibetan Tantrism are not in agreement with the society’s views nowadays! So, for various reasons, they are not allowed to be publicly discussed.”

This statement is clearly just evading the issue of whether Tibetan “Buddhism” holds the Couple-Practice Tantra as their fundamental doctrine. The Buddha dharma is utterly pure and openly available to all people. It is looked up to as something hard to achieve. How is it possible that the Buddha’s teachings are something shameful and dirty which must be kept secret from people? Furthermore, Buddha Sakyamuni’s teachings are all spelled out within the Tripitaka texts without reservation, even the Kangyur and Tengyur of the Tibetan Canon as well as the Tibetan Tantras of different sects have been openly published. In view of this, what Mr. Dawa Tsering said “they are not allowed to be publicly discussed” must refer to the couple-copulation practice, which does exist in Tibetan “Buddhism” and the practice of which indeed cannot be disclosed to the public.

Mr. Dawa Tsering then gave an example of “uniting” with a female dakini trying to confuse the viewers further. In the end, he made a conclusion: “On one hand it mentions about joining with a wisdom-woman; on the other hand, it talks about the flow of semen, something along that line. So people tend to think ofit as some sort of sexual behaviour, but no one actually knows what it is.” Mr. Dawa Tsering publicly stated that “no one actually knows what it is,” and since he does not know the answer himself, on what ground can he defend Tibetan “Buddhism”?

In order to convince Mr. Dawa Tsering, we will highlight statements in “The Dalai Lama at Harvard,” a book by the Dalai Lama - the head of the foundation for which Mr. Dawa Tsering works. It says that due to the nature of the response of our physical body, the different levels of consciousness would then be subject to change. The strongest change in the level of consciousness that can be utilized by a practitioner occurs during sex. Because of this fact, sex is used as a technique of tantric path.

The Dalai Lama explicitly points out that their religious practice is “sex,” and further claims that “sex is used as a technique of tantric path.” Is it not clear enough? Anyone who understands Tibetan “Buddhism” would know its tenet is the couple-copulation practice. Is Mr. Dawa Tsering the only person who does not know? Is he just playing innocent or is he telling a bald-faced lie?

In order to cover up his clumsy lies, Mr. Dawa Tsering brings up two criteria for practicing the couple-practice. The first is that the practitioner must posses an extremely high level of attainment – a level that no one has reached in the last few centuries, and the other is that lamas who have received precepts in Tibetan “Buddhism” are forbidden to practice, since they are not allowed to have any contact with females.

It is easy to see that Mr. Dawa Tsering is dishonest. In his previous statement, he argued that he has no idea of what a union with a wisdom-woman is; now he says that lamas who have received precepts cannot have any physical contact with females and therefore practice is forbidden. This proves that Mr. Dawa Tsering was obviously aware of the fact that this practice requires actual physical contact between male and female bodies, and that such contact is not allowed for lamas who have received precepts. As a matter of fact, everyone can well understand the purpose and implication of bodily contact between a male and a female. The so-called practice of the “dual operations of bliss and emptiness” is nothing more than sexual intercourse. Mr. Dawa Tsering was telling a flat out lie that he did not know what union with a wisdom-woman truly meant. His statements are self-contradictory and he is a dishonest person.

Next, let’s examine if the two conditions Mr. Dawa Tsering raised earlier conform to the facts. At first, he stated, “Firstly, it is possible, but no one has practiced it in centuries - that stage or level is extremely high. “ Mr. Dawa Tsering remarked that no one is qualified for such practice for centuries; but in reality, there is never a shortage of living “Buddhas” with “extremely high level of attainment” in Tibetan “Buddhism.” Take the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama for instance, the former is proclaimed to be the embodiment of Amitabha Buddha and the latter is proclaimed to be the embodiment of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. If those were not lies told by the Tibetan Buddhists to its followers, then why would these two lamas, who have already reached the level of ultimate perfection, not be qualified? In addition, the lamas in the recent reported sex scandals, Khenpo Pema Choephel Rinpoche of the Nyingma Sect, and Dharma Master Sheng Lun, officially certified by Sakya Sect, are both among the reincarnated living “Buddhas,” who were formally enthroned and qualified as the Vajra gurus and who can transmit the dharma of Highest Yoga Tantra. Aren’t these two living “Buddhas” the actual examples of engaging in the Couple-Practice Tantra? To our surprise, Mr. Dawa Tsering stated, “No one has practiced it in centuries. Is this not a bald-faced lie?

Thus both theoretically in the religious doctrines and in reality in actual physical practice, the couple-copulation practice of Tibetan “Buddhism” currently exists. What Mr. Dawa Tsering said does not conform to the facts at all, and his talks are merely to cover up or patch together lies to defend Tibetan “Buddhism.”

He further mentioned that the ordained monks are not allowed to practice it - this proves again Mr. Dawa Tsering’s dishonesty. The truth is, the monastic discipline of Tibetan “Buddhism” stipulates that their ordained monks must practice the Couple-Practice Tantra. The copulation-practice is indeed forbidden in monastic discipline of orthodox Buddhism. However, Tibetan “Buddhism” had established their own Samaya Precepts, which stipulate that Tibetan Buddhist monks must practice the copulation-practice. Moreover, these precepts are placed at the paramount position. Receiving the empowerment of the Highest Yoga Tantra from the gurus also means accepting the Samaya Precepts which are held as the foremost root precepts. In Tibetan “Buddhism,” should there be any conflict between the disciplines of orthodox Buddhism and the Samaya Precepts, the Samaya Precepts would take precedence over all others.

However, the Samaya Precepts focus on the concepts in preparing for the Couple-Practice Tantra. Take the fourteen root downfalls as an example, the first says, “Vajra-holder’s all accomplishments come from the acharya, therefore any contempt for one whom one received the teachings is held to be the first downfall” and the second one says, “Acting against the words of the Buddha is held to be the second downfall.“ The practitioners must regard their gurus as the Buddha and fully accept their teachings, dharma, words, or deeds without any doubts. This lays the ground for the actual practice of copulation tantra in the future in that, a practitioner cannot refuse the guru’s request for performing the Couple-Practice Tantra.

The fifth one says “Abandoning the right dharma-root bodhichitta is held to be the fifth downfall.” This primarily refers to keeping the white bodhi from leaking while performing the Couple-Practice Tantra, which means a lama should retain his semen during practicing the Couple-Practice Tantra with female adherents, otherwise it would be a violation which will cause a root downfall. In addition, the seventh one, “revealing secret dharmas to those who are unready is held to be the seventh downfall,” is the provision for secrecy of the Couple-Practice Tantra in Tibetan “Buddhism.” It forbids all adherents from disclosing the secret of the copulation practice; if they disclosed it, it would be a violation which will cause a root downfall. The last one states, “Slandering the intrinsic wisdom of a woman is held to be the fourteenth downfall.” A female who arouses the “wisdom” of great pleasure throughout the entire body of a lama through sexual techniques during the couple-practice behind closed-doors is called a dakini, wisdom-woman or a “Buddha” mother because she can enable a lama to attain “Buddhahood” and become a Tibetan Tantric “Buddha” in a lifetime. For this reason, to slander the “intrinsic wisdom” of a female is to negate the Couple-Practice of the Highest Yoga Tantra, and therefore it would be a violation which will cause a root downfall.

Due to the obligation to follow the Samaya Precepts, even the Gelug Sect, which is most renowned for keeping the precepts in a clean and pure manner, also advocates the Couple-Practice Tantra. Their so-called “keeping the precepts in a clean and pure manner” is to abide by the Samaya Precepts to “diligently” practice the Couple-Practice Tantra. For example, Tsongkhapa, the patriarch of the Gelug Sect claims in The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Esoteric Path, “Without the qualified female consort, one cannot rapidly achieve Buddhahood by other expedients.” The Dalai Lama in The Union of Bliss and Emptiness also states, “In Guhyasamaja, in the section related to entering into union with a consort, it is said that if the consort is an action seal, a live consort, visualizing deities on her body becomes an actual body mandala practice. But if one is entering into union with a visualized consort, it does not.” These are all evidence which proves that the Couple-Practice Tantra must be achieved by actually practicing with a physical female consort. That is why the monastic disciplines of Tibetan "Buddhism" cannot forbid the Couple-Practice Tantra, but rather must encourage it. Knowing perfectly well what he says does not tally with the facts, Mr. Dawa Tsering still deliberately distorts the truth. He is not an honest man.

Perhaps Mr. Dawa Tsering already realized that the public are not convinced by his argument and therefore he tried to blur the focus by referring to other religions’ sex scandals. He said:“Some lamas might have sexual affairs with females, but we can certainly see bad apples in all religions.” However, the crucial point is that the doctrine of Couple-Practice Tantra does not exist in any other religions, nor do they believe that one can achieve Buddhahood or become God through sexuality. The sexual incidents which occur in other religions are just indecency of the individuals and purely isolated cases. The frequent sexual scandals of the lamas are not personal events, and certainly not isolated cases because the doctrines of Tibetan "Buddhism" demand lamas to practice the Couple-Practice Tantra. This is considered to be the way to attain Buddhahood in a lifetime.

The core doctrine of Tibetan “Buddhism” is the Couple-Practice of Highest Yoga Tantra, and its practice stages are: the Action Tantra → the Performance Tantra → the Yoga Tantra → the Highest Yoga Tantra. The first three are the preparatory stages for the final practice of the Highest Yoga Tantra. The Couple-Practice Tantra is the ultimate goal. In fact, from the beginning, the practitioners of Tibetan "Buddhism” are in preparation for performing the Couple-Practice Tantra in reality. Sexual scandals occurred in Tibetan "Buddhism” cannot be regarded as personal problems, but problems of its doctrines.

Mr. Dawa Tsering clearly knows that clergy in other religions must strictly abide by ethical standards. Not only is there no Couple-Practice Tantra in their doctrines, they are also against sexual misconduct which breaks their code of ethics. On the contrary, the doctrines of Tibetan “Buddhism” require its followers to perform the Couple-Practice Tantra. Tibetan “Buddhism” and other religions cannot be placed on a par. Mr. Dawa Tsering should not use other religions as a smokescreen or an excuse.

The True Enlightenment Educational Foundation has never particularly criticized any sexual scandals of other religions, because their situation is different. We understand these incidents are merely indecent behavior of some disciples and are purely isolated cases. Other religions have not distorted the Buddha’s teachings and claimed that the copulation tantra belongs to the Buddhist doctrine. If some other religion were to be under the guise of Buddhism and deceived the public or if a non-Catholic pretended to be Catholic, distorted its doctrines, and claimed that its disciples can become God only by practicing the copulation tantra, violating social morals and destroying disciples’ families, we would then also criticize it on the basis of social justice. Apart from this, we always have due respect for other religion’s missionary activities because the Constitution guarantees the right to religious freedom.

Finally, Mr. Dawa Tsering made a last groundless attempt to slander the Foundation saying that it is manipulated by the PRC to sabotage Taiwan! He is trying to politicize a public welfare activity which simply aims for the protection of Taiwanese females against the sexual abuse by lamas. During the interview, the Foundation has clearly stated that every incoming donation is precisely recorded, checked, and correctly reviewed and controlled by governmental authorities. The Foundation has received compliments from the Taiwan Government many times. Mr. Dawa Tsering is not able to substantiate his accusation, but brazenly uses groundless speculation and devious means to smear the Foundation. His conduct certainly discredits himself entirely!

In reality, the publications of the Foundation are suppressed by the PRC in mainland China. The Foundation has absolutely nothing to do with the Chinese government, let alone receive financial support! Besides, Mr. Dawa Tsering’s statement is rather illogical; if the Foundation were a “leg of China,” then its criticism should have focused on the political matters rather than the Couple-Practice Tantra.

In conclusion, Mr. Dawa Tsering will not answer straight to the point about the erroneous doctrines of Tibetan “Buddhism.” So, he simply phrases series of dishonest empty talks, blurs the focus, avoids the question, and tries to turn a plain public welfare activity into a political conspiracy.

Mr. Dawa Tsering does not even follow the most fundamental Buddhist precept of not lying! Given that he is the spokesperson of Tibet Religious Foundation of H. H. the Dalai Lama, it just goes to show that the so-called Tibetan “Buddhism” is indeed packaged with countless lies. Having repeated the lies for over a thousand years, many uninformed people would take it for granted that they are true. This gives the Foundation a strong sense of responsibility that it must work harder in the future to disclose the erroneous and obscene nature of Tibetan “Buddhism.”

Editor’s Note: This article is an English version of the Chinese edition published on January 3, 2012.

Reference Source: http://foundation.enlighten.org.tw/trueheart_en/25



Die Dalai Lamas

»Die Dalai Lamas werden von ihren Anhängern als fortgeschrittene Mahayana Bodhisattvas angesehen, mitfühlende Wesen, die sozusagen ihren eigenen Eintritt in das Nirvana zurückgestellt haben, um der leidenden Menschheit zu helfen. Sie sind demnach auf einem guten Wege zur Buddhaschaft, sie entwickeln Perfektion in ihrer Weisheit und ihrem Mitgefühl zum Wohle aller Wesen. Dies rechtertigt, in Form einer Doktrin, die soziopolitische Mitwirkung der Dalai Lamas, als Ausdruck des mitfühlenden Wunsches eines Bodhisattvas, anderen zu helfen.«

?Hier sollten wir zwei Dinge feststellen, die der Dalai Lama nicht ist: Erstens, er ist nicht in einem einfachen Sinne ein ?Gott-König?. Er mag eine Art König sein, aber er ist kein Gott für den Buddhismus. Zweitens, ist der Dalai Lama nicht das ?Oberhaupt des Tibetischen Buddhismus? als Ganzes. Es gibt zahlreiche Traditionen im Buddhismus. Manche haben ein Oberhaupt benannt, andere nicht. Auch innerhalb Tibets gibt es mehrere Traditionen. Das Oberhaupt der Geluk Tradition ist der Abt des Ganden Klosters, als Nachfolger von Tsong kha pa, dem Begründer der Geluk Tradition im vierzehnten/fünfzehnten Jahrhundert.«

Paul Williams, »Dalai Lama«, in
Clarke, P. B., Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements
(New York: Routledge, 2006), S. 136.

Regierungsverantwortung
der Dalai Lamas

?Nur wenige der 14 Dalai Lamas regierten Tibet und wenn, dann meist nur für einige wenige Jahre.?

(Brauen 2005:6)

»In der Realität dürften insgesamt kaum mehr als fünfundvierzig Jahre der uneingeschränkten Regierungsgewalt der Dalai Lamas zusammenkommen. Die Dalai Lamas sechs und neun bis zwölf regierten gar nicht, die letzten vier, weil keiner von ihnen das regierungsfähige Alter erreichte. Der siebte Dalai Lama regierte uneingeschränkt nur drei Jahre und der achte überhaupt nur widerwillig und auch das phasenweise nicht allein. Lediglich der fünfte und der dreizehnte Dalai Lama können eine nennenswerte Regieruagsbeteiligung oder Alleinregierung vorweisen. Zwischen 1750 und 1950 gab es nur achtunddreißig Jahre, in denen kein Regent regierte!«

Jan-Ulrich Sobisch,
Lamakratie - Das Scheitern einer Regierungsform (PDF), S. 182,
Universität Hamburg

Der Fünfte Dalai Lama,
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso

Der Fünfte Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso

?Der fünfte Dalai Lama, der in der tibetischen Geschichte einfach ?Der Gro?e Fünfte? genannt wird, ist bekannt als der Führer, dem es 1642 gelang, Tibet nach einem grausamen Bürgerkrieg zu vereinigen. Die ?ra des fünften Dalai Lama (in etwa von seiner Einsetzung als Herrscher von Tibet bis zum Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts, als seiner Regierung die Kontrolle über das Land zu entgleiten begann) gilt als pr?gender Zeitabschnitt bei der Herausbildung einer nationalen tibetischen Identit?t - eine Identit?t, die sich im Wesentlichen auf den Dalai Lama, den Potala-Palast der Dalai Lamas und die heiligen Tempel von Lhasa stützt. In dieser Zeit wandelte sich der Dalai Lama von einer Reinkarnation unter vielen, wie sie mit den verschiedenen buddhistischen Schulen assoziiert waren, zum wichtigsten Beschützer seines Landes. So bemerkte 1646 ein Schriftsteller, dass dank der guten Werke des fünften Dalai Lama ganz Tibet jetzt ?unter dem wohlwollenden Schutz eines wei?en Sonnenschirms zentriert? sei; und 1698 konstatierte ein anderer Schriftsteller, die Regierung des Dalai Lama diene dem Wohl Tibets ganz so wie ein Bodhisattva - der heilige Held des Mahayana Buddhismus - dem Wohl der gesamten Menschheit diene.?

Kurtis R. Schaeffer, »Der Fünfte Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso«, in
DIE DALAI LAMAS: Tibets Reinkarnation des Bodhisattva Avalokite?vara,
ARNOLDSCHE Art Publishers,
Martin Brauen (Hrsg.), 2005, S. 65

Der Fünfte Dalai Lama:
Beurteilungen seiner Herrschaft I

?Gem?? der meisten Quellen war der [5.] Dalai Lama nach den Ma?st?ben seiner Zeit ein recht toleranter und gütiger Herrscher.?

Paul Williams, »Dalai Lama«, in
(Clarke, 2006, S. 136)

?Rückblickend erscheint Lobsang Gyatso, der ?Gro?e Fünfte?, dem Betrachter als überragende, allerdings auch als widersprüchliche Gestalt.?

Karl-Heinz Golzio / Pietro Bandini,
»Die vierzehn Wiedergeburten des Dalai Lama«,
O.W. Barth Verlag, 1997, S. 118

»Einmal an der Macht, zeigte er den anderen Schulen gegenüber beträchtliche Großzügigkeit. […] Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso wird von den Tibetern der ›Große Fünfte‹ genannt, und ohne jeden Zweifel war er ein ungewöhnlich kluger, willensstarker und doch gleichzeitig großmütiger Herrscher.«

Per Kvaerne, »Aufstieg und Untergang einer klösterlichen Tradition«, in:
Berchert, Heinz; Gombrich, Richard (Hrsg.):
»Der Buddhismus. Geschichte und Gegenwart«,
München 2000, S. 320

Der Fünfte Dalai Lama:
Beurteilungen seiner Herrschaft II

?Viele Tibeter gedenken insbesondere des V. Dalai Lama bis heute mit tiefer Ehrfurcht, die nicht allein religi?s, sondern mehr noch patriotisch begründet ist: Durch gro?es diplomatisches Geschick, allerdings auch durch nicht immer skrupul?sen Einsatz machtpolitischer und selbst milit?rischer Mittel gelang es Ngawang Lobzang Gyatso, dem ?Gro?en Fünften?, Tibet nach Jahrhunderten des Niedergangs wieder zu einen und in den Rang einer bedeutenden Regionalmacht zurückzuführen. Als erster Dalai Lama wurde er auch zum weltlichen Herrscher Tibets proklamiert. Unter seiner ?gide errang der Gelugpa-Orden endgültig die Vorherrschaft über die rivalisierenden lamaistischen Schulen, die teilweise durch blutigen Bürgerkrieg und inquisitorische Verfolgung unterworfen oder au?er Landes getrieben wurden.

Jedoch kehrte der Dalai Lama in seiner zweiten Lebenshälfte, nach Festigung seiner Macht und des tibetischen Staates, zu einer Politik der Mäßigung und Toleranz zurück, die seinem Charakter eher entsprach als die drastischen Maßnahmen, durch die er zur Herrschaft gelangte. Denn Ngawang Lobzang Gyatso war nicht nur ein Machtpolitiker und überragender Staatsmann, sondern ebenso ein spiritueller Meister mit ausgeprägter Neigung zu tantrischer Magie und lebhaftem Interesse auch an den Lehren andere lamaistischer Orden. Zeitlebens empfing er, wie die meisten seiner Vorgänger, gebieterische Gesichte, die er gegen Ende seines Lebens in seinen ›Geheimen Visionen‹ niederlegte.«

(Golzio, Bandini 1997: 95)

Der Dreizehnte Dalai Lama,
Thubten Gyatso

Der Dreizehnte Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso

?Ein anderer, besonders wichtiger Dalai Lama war der Dreizehnte (1876-1933). Als starker Herrscher versuchte er, im Allgemeinen ohne Erfolg, Tibet zu modernisieren. ?Der gro?e Dreizehnte? nutzte den Vorteil des schwindenden Einflusses China im 1911 beginnenden Kollaps dessen Monarchie, um faktisch der vollst?ndigen nationalen Unabh?ngigkeit Tibets von China Geltung zu verschaffen. Ein Fakt, den die Tibeter von jeher als Tatsache erachtet haben.?

Paul Williams, »Dalai Lama«, in
(Clarke, 2006, S. 137)

?Manche m?gen sich vielleicht fragen, wie die Herrschaft des Dalai Lama im Vergleich mit europ?ischen oder amerikanischen Regierungschefs einzusch?tzen ist. Doch ein solcher Vergleich w?re nicht gerecht, es sei denn, man geht mehrere hundert Jahre in der europ?ischen Geschichte zurück, als Europa sich in demselben Zustand feudaler Herrschaft befand, wie es in Tibet heutzutage der Fall ist. Ganz sicher w?ren die Tibeter nicht glücklich, wenn sie auf dieselbe Art regiert würden wie die Menschen in England; und man kann wahrscheinlich zu Recht behaupten, dass sie im Gro?en und Ganzen glücklicher sind als die V?lker Europas oder Amerikas unter ihren Regierungen. Mit der Zeit werden gro?e Ver?nderungen kommen; aber wenn sie nicht langsam vonstatten gehen und die Menschen nicht bereit sind, sich anzupassen, dann werden sie gro?e Unzufriedenheit verursachen. Unterdessen l?uft die allgemeine Verwaltung Tibets in geordneteren Bahnen als die Verwaltung Chinas; der tibetische Lebensstandard ist h?her als der chinesische oder indische; und der Status der Frauen ist in Tibet besser als in beiden genannten L?ndern.?

Sir Charles Bell, »Der Große Dreizehnte:
Das unbekannte Leben des XIII. Dalai Lama von Tibet«,
Bastei Lübbe, 2005, S. 546

Der Dreizehnte Dalai Lama:
Beurteilungen seiner Herrschaft

?War der Dalai Lama im Gro?en und Ganzen ein guter Herrscher? Dies k?nnen wir mit Sicherheit bejahen, auf der geistlichen ebenso wie auf der weltlichen Seite. Was erstere betrifft, so hatte er die komplizierte Struktur des tibetischen Buddhismus schon als kleiner Junge mit ungeheurem Eifer studiert und eine au?ergew?hnliche Gelehrsamkeit erreicht. Er verlangte eine strengere Befolgung der m?nchischen Regeln, veranlasste die M?nche, ihren Studien weiter nachzugehen, bek?mpfte die Gier, Faulheit und Korruption unter ihnen und verminderte ihren Einfluss auf die Politik. So weit wie m?glich kümmerte er sich um die zahllosen religi?sen Bauwerke. In summa ist ganz sicher festzuhalten, dass er die Spiritualit?t des tibetischen Buddhismus vergr??ert hat.

Auf der weltlichen Seite stärkte er Recht und Gesetz, trat in engere Verbindung mit dem Volk, führte humanere Grundsätze in Verwaltung und Justiz ein und, wie oben bereits gesagt, verringerte die klösterliche Vorherrschaft in weltlichen Angelegenheiten. In der Hoffnung, damit einer chinesischen Invasion vorbeugen zu können, baute er gegen den Widerstand der Klöster eine Armee auf; vor seiner Herrschaft gab es praktisch keine Armee. In Anbetracht der sehr angespannten tibetischen Staatsfinanzen, des intensiven Widerstands der Klöster und anderer Schwierigkeiten hätte er kaum weiter gehen können, als er es tat.

Im Verlauf seiner Regierung beendete der Dalai Lama die chinesische Vorherrschaft in dem großen Teil Tibets, den er beherrschte, indem er chinesische Soldaten und Beamte daraus verbannte. Dieser Teil Tibets wurde zu einem vollkommen unabhängigen Königreich und blieb dies auch während der letzten 20 Jahre seines Lebens.«

Sir Charles Bell in (Bell 2005: 546-47)

Der Vierzehnte Dalai Lama,
Tenzin Gyatso

Der Vierzehnte Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso

?Der jetzige vierzehnte Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) wurde 1935 geboren. Die Chinesen besetzten Tibet in den frühen 1950er Jahren, der Dalai Lama verlie? Tibet 1959. Er lebt jetzt als Flüchtling in Dharamsala, Nordindien, wo er der Tibetischen Regierung im Exil vorsteht. Als gelehrte und charismatische Pers?nlichkeit, hat er aktiv die Unabh?ngigkeit seines Landes von China vertreten. Durch seine h?ufigen Reisen, Belehrungen und Bücher macht er den Buddhismus bekannt, engagiert sich für den Weltfrieden sowie für die Erforschung von Buddhismus und Wissenschaft. Als Anwalt einer ?universellen Verantwortung und eines guten Herzens?, erhielt er den Nobelpreis im Jahre 1989.?

Paul Williams, »Dalai Lama«, in
(Clarke, 2006, S. 137)

Moralische Legitimation
der Herrschaft Geistlicher

Für Sobisch ist die moralische Legitimation der Herrschaft Geistlicher ?außerordentlich zweifelhaft?. Er konstatiert:

?Es zeigte sich auch in Tibet, da? moralische Integrit?t nicht automatisch mit der Zugeh?rigkeit zu einer Gruppe von Menschen erlangt wird, sondern allein auf pers?nlichen Entscheidungen basiert. Vielleicht sind es ?hnliche überlegungen gewesen, die den derzeitigen, vierzehnten Dalai Lama dazu bewogen haben, mehrmals unmi?verst?ndlich zu erkl?ren, da? er bei einer Rückkehr in ein freies Tibet kein politische Amt mehr übernehmen werde. Dies ist, so meine ich, keine schlechte Nachricht. Denn dieser Dalai Lama hat bewiesen, da? man auch ohne ein international anerkanntes politisches Amt inne zu haben durch ein glaubhaft an ethischen Grunds?tzen ausgerichtetes beharrliches Wirken einen enormen Einfluss in der Welt ausüben kann.?

Jan-Ulrich Sobisch,
Lamakratie - Das Scheitern einer Regierungsform (PDF), S. 190,
Universität Hamburg